![]() The testes produce sperm cells and the male sex hormone testosterone. Testes - There are two testes enclosed in the scrotum. Scrotum - The main functions of the scrotum are to protect the testes and maintain them at a temperature several degrees lower than body temperature. Retractor Penis Muscle - This muscle retains the placid penis in the sheath and relaxes during erection. Glans Penis - This is the sensitive end of the penis that enlarges during excitation and copulation. The urethra is the tube that runs the length of the penis, conducting semen (or urine) to the outside. Penis - The penis provides the means of penetration of the female reproductive system for semen deposition and is composed primarily of erectile tissue. Vesicular Glands - The vesicular glands are accessory sex glands and add the gel fraction to the ejaculate.īulbourethral, Vesicular and Prostate Glands - These are accessory sex glands that add fluids to the ejaculate.ĭeferent Duct - The deferent ducts transport sperm from the epididymis to the area of the accessory sex glands.Įpididymis - The epididymis transports sperm from the testes to the deferent duct and is the area for concentration, maturation and storage of the sperm. Sagittal view of stallion reproductive structures.Īccessory Sex Glands - These glands contribute fluids and gel to the ejaculate but are not key to fertility. Fertility is still high but declining in July and August. Stallions are least fertile September to February, with fertility increasing in March and peaking in May and June. Effect of season on sexual behaviour by number of mounts required per ejaculation. In the normal breeding season, just over one mount per ejaculate was required, but in the non-breeding season, over 2.5 mounts per ejaculate was required on average.įigure 2. Increased ability to ejaculate - Figure 2 shows the seasonal influence on ability to ejaculate.Effect of season on sexual behaviour by time to ejaculation. Therefore, when training the young stallion to breed, it is best to start in the normal breeding season.įigure 1. ![]() In the wintertime, the reaction time was in excess of 10 min. During the breeding season, it took less than 2 min for the stallions to become sexually stimulated, mount and enter the artificial vagina. Increased sexual response - Figure 1 shows the reaction time of stallions as influenced by season.Greater seminal volume - During the summer months, the average mature stallion will produce approximately 8 billion sperm cells per day, with production being proportional to the size of the testes.During the breeding season, April through August, stallions are more productive than in the fall and winter months in several ways: SeasonalityĪs in the mare, reproductive performance of the stallion is affected by season, regulated by the influence of daylight hours on hormones. Testosterone - promotes the development and function of the accessory sex glands, causes development of secondary sex characteristics and is necessary for mating activity, including sexual arousal, erection of the penis and ejaculation. Luteinizing hormone and testosterone - necessary for completing the process of sperm production. ![]() Some of the hormones involved in stallion reproduction are:įollicle-stimulating hormone - produced by the pituitary gland, stimulates sperm production. Hormones are chemical substances created by the body that control various bodily functions. This Factsheet presents information on basic anatomy, physiology and management techniques that can help improve reproductive performance in the stallion. With an understanding of basic reproductive science, breeders can be better positioned to achieve their goals. Horses have the potential for high reproductive performance.
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